Bram Stoker Essay Example

Bram Stoker Essay One miserably wet summer, Coraline Jones moves into a flat in an old house, with her parents who are too busy with work to pay much attention to her. She discovers a mysterious locked door in the drawing room of the flat; when she gets her mother to open the door, it swings open to reveal nothing but a brick wall. But one day, when bored and left alone in the flat by her mother, Coraline tries the door again, it opens to reveal a corridor leading to a flat quite like her own, but not quite.She ventures further into the flat, where she comes across her mother cooking in the kitchen, except her skin is paper white, she is taller and thinner, her fingers too long and her fingernails curved, sharp and dark red. The woman turns round; her eyes are big black buttons. She is the other mother and she is cooking food that smells awfully tasty. Coraline soon discovers that her father and her other neighbours in this strange world also have buttons for eyes, oh and the cat that hangs round the building can now talk.Coraline decides that this other world is rather more interesting than her own, but when told that she could stay, as long as she exchanged her own eyes for buttons, she decides that she could never do that and returns back home through the tunnel. However when she gets home she discovers that her real parents have disappeared under mysterious circumstances. Coraline soon realises that she will have to go back through the tunnel to rescue them.Back in the other mother’s world, the other mother soon learns that Coraline is not prepared to love her and she is thrown into the hallway mirror, where she meets three ghost children, who are also held captive. One tells Coraline, as she falls asleep, to look through the stone given to her earlier by Miss Spink and Miss Forcible, two of Coraline’s neighbours. The next day Coraline uses the stone in a game of challenge with the other mother; everyone will be released if Coraline can find their lost souls.Co raline finds the souls but she still has to find her parents and persuade the other mother to reopen the door to the tunnel between the two houses. Coraline does this by tricking the other mother to open the door, Coraline then grabs the snow globe which she has realised contains her parents and with the souls of the three children in her pocket and followed by the cat, she escapes through the tunnel. However, something else comes through the tunnel as well, the other mother’s hand, which wants the key to the doorway back. Coraline manages to get rid of the hand by ricking it into falling into the old well in the back garden. ANALYSIS: What’s up with the title? Coraline is named after the lead character in the story, Coraline Jones. Its a pretty basic title. But its important to notice that the title is just Coralines name. Many times, a book that features the main characters name in the title also mentions a few other things: think Alice in Wonderland, Harry Potter an d the fill-in-the-blank, Harold and the Purple Crayon. The title Coraline emphasizes Coraline the character above the wacky adventures shes going to have.Inspiration comes in many ways. Fictional characters can affect a real person’s life. Coraline was brave, independent, and showed great creativeness in the book titled Coraline by Neil Gaiman. Throughout the entire story, Coraline displayed a great amount of courage. After moving into a new home, this curious little girl ventured through a door that was never meant to be opened. She met her other mother that had the desire to sow buttons into Coralines eyes. Coraline stood up for herself and said no, and that takes courage. Although Coraline was only about nine years old, she saved her parents.She re-entered the tunnel, after her other mother captured her real parents, without fear. Coraline defended herself from the other mother and slammed the door right in her face to escape. Like many kids these days, Coraline had to do several things alone or by herself. Coraline made her own dinner and her own decisions. When her parents were busy with work, Coraline often played by herself. She thought for herself and didnt allow the other mother control her thoughts and actions. Coraline was wise beyond her years. Although the other mother tried to cover up the bad with good, Coraline saw right through it.She outsmarted the other mother and tricked the other mother’s hand, that was after her soul seeing stone, to jump in the well. Coraline is an inspiring character who made me think about my life. I also do not wish to live in a perfect world. She reminded me to be bold when things get tough and that one should keep fighting. Coraline was an independent thinker. She saw the situation for what it truly was. Things arent always as they appear. Who is the narrator, can she or he read minds, and, more importantly, can we trust her or him?The narrative technique in Coraline is third person limited, which mean s that a narrator tells us the story, focusing mostly on one character. In this particular case, an adult narrator tells us Coralines story. This is a pretty common narrative technique for books that star children. Having an adult narrator tell us a childs story can give us a little more depth; sometimes adults can see the big picture a little more than kids. Also, its usually just easier for an adult to write from an adults point of view! Gaimans use of third person narration also gives us an important outsider perspective on Coraline.Coraline is often the only character on the page; she doesnt get to have a ton of conversations with other people (except the cat, of course). Having the story narrated in the third person gives us that outsider perspective wed otherwise be missing, without losing insight into Coralines inner thoughts. The other mother created a world that she thought Coraline would want. So what does the other world tell us about Coraline and what she wishes for? Cor alines parents are really busy and tend to ignore her; shes often left alone to entertain herself and even take care of herself. That doesnt sound like the best family set-up.But then Coraline discovers an alternate set of parents who pay her tons of attention and cook her delicious food. Sounds like a good trade, right? Well, Coraline quickly figures out that its a rotten deal. Her own parents might have their flaws, but theyre still her parents. And Coraline loves them enough to fight hard to get them back from the cruel other mother. Coraline teaches us that, when it comes down to it, family is irreplaceable. What do you think was the bravest thing Coraline did in the novel? Upon her return to her apartment, Coraline finds her real parents are missing.They do not return the next day, and the black cat wakes her and takes her to a mirror in her hallway, through which she can see her trapped parents. They signal to her by writing Help Us on the glass, from which Coraline deduces th e Other Mother has kidnapped them. Though frightened of returning, Coraline goes back to the Other World to confront the Other Mother and rescue her parents. What is the writing style of the novel? This story includes a lot of Coralines thoughts, and the narrator chimes in with some reflections, too. As a result, the style can get a little poetic sometimes. Someone had once told her that if you look up at the sky from the bottom of a mine shaft, even in the brightest daylight, you see a night sky and stars. Coraline wondered if the hand could see stars from where it was. (13. 71)† Their thoughts are sometimes more poetic than the words they actually get to say aloud. By recording Coralines thoughts, then, Gaiman affects the style of his whole book. What’s the tone of the story? Even though theres a third person narrator, we get most of the story from Coralines point of view, hearing her thoughts and her feelings.This means that Coraline herself pretty much determines th e tone of the novel. All the tones we get come largely from Coralines own emotions: when shes scared, or relieved, or bored, or excited, we hear it. Why buttons? The black button eyes of the other mother are probably the most iconic or well-known image to come out of Coraline. â€Å"They were looking at her with their black button eyes. Or at least she thought they were looking at her. She couldnt be sure. (4. 128)† These eyes are definitely creepy. The black button eyes let us know that were in the other world and highlight how disturbing it is.Buttons are a seemingly harmless object, but in the other world, they become sinister and threatening. In fact, turning nice things into threatening things seems to be one of the main functions of the other world and the beldam herself. These buttons essentially act like masks. Coraline cant tell if her other parents are watching her and she cant get any clues through their eyes as to what theyre thinking. Because we see so much throu gh peoples eyes, these buttons hide the humanness of the people wearing them (if theyre even human at all), preventing us from really knowing a person.For this reason, Coralines other mother could never really be known, or loved, by the children she kidnaps. What’s the meaning of the key? The key into the other world becomes a hot commodity, or item, in the story. Theres only one key to the door between the other world and our world. And the other mother and Coraline both want to control that key. The appearance of the key can help us understand what it represents. Compared to the other keys, its the oldest, biggest, blackest, rustiest key (1. 51). Its different from all the other keys, just like the other world is different from the real world.In this way, the key seems to represent the other world: old and ugly. Usually when we think of keys, we think of unlocking something or opening something up. Coraline certainly does this when she finds the other world. But if keys can unlock, they can also lock you in. Eek! Thats more what Coraline is about – the fear of being trapped somewhere you dont want to be. So how do we eliminate the fear of being trapped? Well, trap the key itself! And thats exactly what Coraline does. What is the author telling us about our identity?When youre totally on your own – like Coraline is – you need to have a super strong sense of self to get you through things. In Coraline, our heroine doesnt have friends or family to rely on, so she learns this lesson pretty quickly. She doesnt need other people to know her in order to know herself: even if everyone forgets her name, it doesnt mean she isnt Coraline. And of course, other peoples identities become an issue for Coraline, too. Who is the other mother? What is the other mothers identity in relation to Coralines real mothers identity? And the three ghost children?Can they have identities if they dont even have names? Coraline is struggling with all of these questions, all the while trying to save the day. Impressive. What up with the ending? Coraline overcomes great odds, defeats the evil other mother, saves her parents, and rescues the trapped souls of three children. Pretty impressive, dont you think? So why doesnt this book end with everyone throwing Coraline a parade to celebrate her awesomeness? Well, Coraline may have triumphed against evil, but she did it alone. And now she has to enjoy her victory alone, too.No one else even knows what happened to Coraline: her parents dont remember their time trapped by the other mother and the neighbors didnt notice anyone was missing. But even if no one else is paying attention, Coraline is still content. She has learned a lot during the story, and shes much more confident by the end of it, so why does it matter if anyone else knows? Shes happy to just drift off into a happy dream, remembering the friends she met in the other world. Coraline is mainly about Coraline herself; so it only makes sense that the end focuses on, well, Coraline.Is it any good? Author Neil Gaiman is well known in the world of adult literature, but this is his first book for children. Its a strange, surrealistic tale, fun for kids who like their stories creepy. The black-and-white illustrations by Dave McKean are correspondingly sinister. Not everything will make sense to young readers, nor will they find the emotional heart that marks childrens classics but they will find Coraline to be a brave character who uses her smarts to not only save herself, but also others the Other Mother trapped. Plus, the plot rolls long fairly unpredictably and with a few good scares. Not awe-inspiring, but entertaining enough. Coraline by Neil Gaiman is a weird and delightfully scary fairy tale / ghost story. I call it delightfully scary because while it grips the readers attention with creepy happenings that may cause a case of the shivers, it is not the kind of scary book that lead to nightmares of the it could happen to me kind. I recommend Coraline for 8- to 12-year-olds. Although the main character is a girl, this tale will appeal to both boys and girls who enjoy weird and scary (but not too scary) tales.Because of all of the dramatic happenings, Coraline is also a good read-aloud for 8- to 12-year-olds. Why shoud I care to read? Have you ever been afraid of anything? Not like monsters-in-the-closet afraid, but really, truly how-am-I-going-to-get-through this afraid? Were thinking about that time you were in a play and had to get up on stage in front of your whole school and recite your lines. Or the first time you went to camp and had to say goodbye to your parents. Or even the time you were home alone during a thunderstorm and you had to stay calm for your little brother.One of these things has happened to all of us – and how did we get through it? We did it anyway. If we hadnt gotten on stage, gone to camp, or comforted our brother, we would have never gotten over our fears. We wouldnt have been brave. Coraline is a story of bravery, and according to Coraline herself, being brave is when youre scared but you still do it anyway (5. 80). Coralines bravery might be the epic, fairy tale kind: she does fight monsters, after all. But Coraline teaches us that bravery comes in all forms.Bravery can be going back to get your glasses near a wasps nest. It can even be just going to school. If youre scared and you do it anyway, youre brave. Coraline reminds us that we dont need to ride a BMX over a box jump or poke a raccoon with a stick to be brave. Bravery can be a much more everyday occurrence. No matter what it is, if we do it, well gain confidence and feel better about ourselves after – just like Coraline did. Thats not to say its easy (and neither was battling the other mother), but thats what makes it worth it.

5 Ways to Write an A+ Capstone Research Paper

5 Ways to Write an A+ Capstone Research Paper 5 Ways to Write an A+ Capstone Research Paper To cut a long story short, here are 5 sure ways to write an A+ deserving Capstone research paper. 1st Way: Understand and respond accurately to the topic that you have been given Understanding the title is the first step that you should do. Carefully read the title of the issue and make sure you understand what you are asked and what answers you should give. Then, gather your thoughts and write down all the concepts or keywords that you think are related to the title of the written work. This way you will form an initial, rough image of the frame of your work. After you gather some basic ideas, you can then proceed to the next step: a summary of the work is now realistic and necessary. You should now develop the concepts you marked. But beware: written work does not mean scattered ideas and information. 2nd Way: Organize the structure of your work (Checklist) You should make a synthesis of the material you have studied and give a structured response. The text should follow a logical order, which explains and guides the teacher to your own reasons. The more easily you understand the structure of your text, the more positive will be the evaluation of your written work. A thesis usually has three main parts: introduction main theme and conclusions. According to your original plan and the summary that you have written, you can start writing. The growth of import, the main subject and the conclusions are basically subjective matters. 3rd Way: Expand the subject in your own words and by your plan It is essential to develop your work with your own words; present your own ideas. Also, avoid continuous quotations, if not necessary. Copying equals failure; it is best to take notes from your study material. If notes are good, they are certainly useful; feel free to use them in your work. Your thoughts will grow much better if you follow your own words and your own expressions. If you want to add a paragraph, or thoughts of another author, then you should report the name and source of information in your script, but also in literature. It is good to quote your arguments and your thoughts in a structured way. Your job should include sections and subsections, which must be given the appropriate title. From section to section, the text must develop gradually, using inductive reasoning, to a complete argument, that will document your opinion on the requested work. 4th Way: Emphasis in the text language Your purpose is to write a text that will exude professionalism and style: Draw the structure of your document before you start writing. Write the outline view titles of sections and subsections. Structure your text around your point. Each paragraph should describe one issue. Use active voice, especially in English. Use objective language expressions. The academic work is not about personal ideas; everything should be supported by literature. 5th Way. Cornell’s Method Divide the paper into two columns. The right part must be larger. Right side: Notes Left side: Keywords Inventory Write notes on the right side. Reduction Transfer the keywords from the right to the left side. Recitation Recite information using keywords. Reflection Associate the information with your own experiences, add your own thoughts. Repeat Use the left side during the semester. Hope these ideas were useful. If you need professional writing assistance from academic experts, you can always get Capstone research paper help online at .

English as a Global Language

English as a Global Language In Shakespeares time, the number of English speakers in the world is thought to have been between five and seven million. According to linguist David Crystal, Between the end of the reign of Elizabeth I (1603) and the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth II (1952), this figure increased almost fiftyfold, to around 250 million (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2003). Its a common language used in international business, which makes it a popular second language for many. How Many Languages Are There? There are roughly 6,500 languages spoken in the world today. About 2,000 of them have fewer than 1,000 speakers. While the British empire did help spread the language globally its only the third most commonly spoken language in the world. Mandarin and Spanish are the two most commonly spoken languages on Earth.   From How Many Other Languages Has English Borrowed Words? English is jokingly referred to as a language thief because of it has incorporated words from over 350 other languages into it. The majority of these borrowed words are latin or from one of the Romance languages. How Many People in the World Today Speak English? Roughly 500 million people in the world are native English speakers. Another 510 million people speak English as a second language, which means that there are more people who speak English along with their native language than there are native English speakers. In How Many Countries Is English Taught as a Foreign Language? English is taught as a foreign language in over 100 countries. Its considered the language of business which makes it a popular choice for a second language. English language teachers are often paid very well in countries like China and Dubai. What Is the Most Widely Used English Word? The form OK or okay is probably the most intensively and widely used (and borrowed) word in the history of the language. Its many would-be etymologists have traced it variously to Cockney, French, Finnish, German, Greek, Norwegian, Scots, several African languages, and the Native American language Choctaw, as well as a number of personal names. All are imaginative feats without documentary support. (Tom McArthur, The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford University Press, 2002) How Many Countries in the World Have English as Their First Language? This is a complicated question, as the definition of first language differs from place to place, according to each country’s history and local circumstances. The following facts illustrate the complexities: Australia, Botswana, the Commonwealth Caribbean nations, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, Ireland, Namibia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States have English as either a de facto or statutory official language. In Cameroon and Canada, English shares this status with French; and in the Nigerian states, English and the main local language are official. In Fiji, English is the official language with Fijian; in Lesotho with Sesotho; in Pakistan with Urdu; in the Philippines with Filipino; and in Swaziland with Siswati. In India, English is an associate official language (after Hindi), and in Singapore English is one of four statutory official languages. In South Africa, English [is] the main national language- but just one of eleven official languages. In all, English has official or special status in at least 75 countries (with a combined population of two billion people). It is estimated that one out of four people worldwide speak English with some degree of competence. (Penny Silva, Global English. AskOxford.com, 2009)

Civil war songs essays

Civil war songs essays Our Flag is There is a song for the union army. The lyrics talk about Fort Sumter, and how the Union flag waves there. The song talks about Andersons forces and the battle they had to go through protecting the Fort. They speak of the south as traitors of freedom, and desire to be annihilated. The song was meant to inspire Unionist to protect the precious fort. So the song was trying to build spirit so that people would join the Unions cause in greater numbers. This Union marching song was basically a battle cry (as the name implies) supporting the norths beliefs in that every one should be free. The lyrics show how patriotic they are to their opinions, and their side of the war. The lyrics say that for every man they lose, they will have a million men replacing them. Again they refer to the south as the traitors. They show that no matter what class you are, you still have to fight for your side in the war. This marching song is meant to raise the soldiers spirits and remind them what they are fighting for. This song is obviously written for the Union army, because it talks about a blue coat, which is the norths color. The song is about a tired old soldier, who died in the field of battle. He is now going to heaven to get out of his blue and, in the white robe. This is an unknown soldier who no one knows who he is. He died alone with no one by his side, so the union army honor him. This song is used to inspire the Union soldiers to fight for the unknown soldier, and win in his memory. ...

Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) and Marketing Channel Essay

Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) and Marketing Channel Strategy - Essay Example We need to be selective in choosing from a number of online and offline marketing mediums. Internet marketing, direct marketing, database marketing, and public relations – all mediums seem to be consistent to provide the competitive edge in the market. Internet marketing can help in attracting new customers from the social media sites like Facebook where prospective customers have better chances of viewing the advertisement. Google advertisement through Pay-per-click programs and promotion through email marketing can be beneficial where only customers from the database could be sent promotional mailers, designed by the hired PR agency. Through Internet-TV, relevant audiences’ attention can be captured while their favorite programs are run on television channels. At the same time, using SMS as means of advertisement to the target audience telling the features of customized mobile phones of JF’s Electronics can click the marketing campaign by contacting the right t ouch points to attract wider audiences. Using online media tools judiciously can make the marketing campaigns more effective and relevant (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_marketing_communications). Print media like radio, television, newspapers, and billboards are components of offline media. JF’s Electronics should combine both Medias in advertising the new product, customized cell phone. Offline media can be a crucial and cheap tool in making the product popular through television and radio advertisement. For television advertisement, there is good scope of showing interesting visuals based on the storyline as per the features of customized cell phones not found available in any other company and popular brand’s cell phones. Banners of the product at the most visible locations at the marketplace will help in generating people’s interest. All promotional initiatives should be made at regular and continuous intervals to create brand

Supply Chain Management Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Supply Chain Management Plan - Essay Example demand sides which necessitate the importance of capturing the information on demand closer to the source and the supply sides that lessen the reliance on projected data and becoming more agile on real facts Integrated supply chain management: This center will be a key foundation for the analytics on segmentation and monitoring policies that are deployed to certain market segments. They will also offer a foundation for the continuous assessment of the market. Major factors in the company will be construed to same functionality (Bolstorff& Rosenbaum, 2012). Automation of policy management: it is imperative for the company to discard the old methods whereby a manual analysis of a particular market segment was done. An automatic policy will heighten the success of the segmentation plan since it follows a given protocol. Differentiated supplier and customer replenishments: different customers and suppliers have different relationships based on the required service and the volume of profitability of that specific customer. Hence it is important to address each customer or supplier according to their preferences. This will give an organization an upper hand in the

What were the major external threats to the Ottoman Empire, 1878-1900, Essay

What were the major external threats to the Ottoman Empire, 1878-1900, and how were they contained - Essay Example This discussion therefore seeks to dissect these external challenges and how the empire responded to them. Reid explains that in the period between 1878 and 1900, the Ottoman Empire was still grappling with the negative aftereffects of its previous involvement with war against her external enemies, Poland, Persia, Russia and Austria in the period between 1768 and 1774. Moreover, the terms of the treaty that ended this war did not auger well with the Ottoman Empire’s interests. Particularly, the Kuchuk-Kaynarja Treaty which was intended to end the Russo-Ottoman war of 1768-1774: granted independence to the Trans-Danubian provinces; forced the Ottoman Empire to abandon the Tartar Khanate which was in the Crimea; compelled the empire to pay large war remunerations; and gave Russian ships permission to access the Ottoman water bodies. The 1870s therefore found the empire grappling with these setbacks and carried them onwards1. Additionally, the empire was still reeling from the effects of the Greek War of Independence which had taken place between 1821 and 1832. At the Battle of Navarino, the Anglo-French destroyed the Egyptian and Ottoman fleets, as the Russian troops captured swathes of the empire’s territories upto to Erdine. It is against the backdrop of the development that the Ottoman power attracted greater extents of vulnerability. This vulnerability was in turn underscored by the glaring attractiveness of the empire’s vast holdings to other players in international relations and thereby complicating the status and fate of the Eastern Question. As these problems persisted, Tsar Nicholas I of Prussia referred to the empire as the Sick man of Europe. From this point, the Concert of Europe was mainly concerned about how the Ottoman Empire could be disposed off in a manner that would not gain any power, at the expense of other powers, so as not to disturb the balance of political power i n European politics

History of Taxation in Britain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of Taxation in Britain - Research Paper Example The twentieth century started with high spending, which was based on war spending. The First and Second World Wars both lead to very large increases in public spending and rather smaller increases in tax. The Korean War is reported to have a discernible effect, but neither the Falklands (1982) nor the Gulf (1991) conflict seems to have had an impact on spending. The need for more revenue during the war led to increases in tax rates, increases in the coverage of existing taxes and the introduction of wholly new taxes. Perhaps the most dramatic change was to income tax. Prior to the war, income tax had never been a mass tax. It was first introduced in 1799 and was permanently in place from 1842, but there were still fewer than 4 million taxpayers in 1938. By the end of the war, the number of taxpaying families had increased to over 12 million, an increase which was sustained into the following decades. The two marked periods of growth in the last quarter of the century, in the early 1980s and the late 1980s / early 1990s; both the period experienced turmoil in the economic activities of the country, which led both to shrinking GDP and to higher cyclical government spending as unemployment increased gradually. ... pretend as, for each UK household the government allocated 14,000 and 15,000, the amount is equivalent to the post-tax income a childless couple would need to be in the middle of the income distribution, or the amount required by the retired UK national. Local taxes have been an important type of revenue for the UK economy, it accounted for one-third of total revenues, however, its importance declined after World War I and II. 'In the early twentieth century, these accounted for up to a third of total revenues, but their importance declined as the taxes required to pay for both World Wars were raised at the national level', (A. Dilnot and C. Emmerson, 'The economic environment', in A. H. Halsey with J. Webb, Twentieth Century British Social Trends, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2000). Revising the British history of tax returns, local taxes, (chiefly a property tax called 'rates', which had both business and household components) was estimated to be seven percent of GGR. However, after 196 0, the local taxes represented more than 10 percent of GGR, and have remained consistent throughout. However, from 2000 onwards, local taxes have again become much less significant, representing only between 3 and 4 percent of revenues in the last decade of the twentieth century.  Ã‚  

The Influence of Hybrid Warriors in Future Wars Research Paper

The Influence of Hybrid Warriors in Future Wars - Research Paper Example One can see that the US soldiers deployed in different missions face a number of problems like lack of skills, cultural insensitivity, failure in collecting information, and reconstruction of war-torn areas. In addition, the rapid change from counterinsurgency measures to traditional warfare leads to a number of problems. But the claim that the enemies are well equipped to withstand large scale operations/conventional warfare and the example of Israeli defeat in Lebanon in the year 2000 (Hezbollah rocket attack), does not prove that conventional warfare is outdated. Cordesman stated that â€Å"Israel’s problems in the security zone were legion and were sharply influenced by its lack of any real political support in Lebanon† (411). At the same time, the claim that the US failure in Falluja, Iraq (2004) was due to the lack of systematic warfare is wrong because the reason behind the failure is that the US Forces underestimated the insurgents. The claim that the internatio nal terrorist groups like Al Qaeda follow conventional and irregular warfare (say, in Iraq, in the year 2007) is a little bit confusing because most of the terrorist groups always follow conventional warfare. But the main problem faced by the US Forces during the Vietnam War was the lack of information on the combination of guerrilla warfare (Viet Cong) and systematic warfare (North Vietnam Army). The claim that the wars in Lebanon (in the year 2006), Falluja (in the year 2004) and Vietnam War prove that combination of regular and irregular warfare can influence the end result, but this does not prove that regular warfare is totally outdated.

American History, Mind and Machine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American History, Mind and Machine - Essay Example In many ways after the divisiveness and devastation of the Civil War, the United States searched for order economically, politically, geographically, socially and racially. Select one of these areas, or suggest another, and make a case for the reasons why it was the most vital area that America needed to address. Some examples include the westward expansion of the nation, the reunification of a national political system in the north and south, the influx of immigrants, conflict with Native Americans, and an increase of racial segregation. It seems that the most vital area that the United States needed to address after the end of the Civil War was the reunification of a national political system since it established the United States as a unified state. While before the outbreak of the Civil War American used plural to speak about the United States (the United States are†¦), after the end of the war it became a norm to use the United States in singular (the United States is†¦). It means that the reunification took place on the highest constitutional level, with issues of secession as well as state veto power properly addressed. Specifically, the political unification meant creation of the central government that took under control all U.S. territory. In some way, the motto by the Founding Fathers â€Å"From many, one† eventually became a reality, but strong national government was â€Å"more powerful than even the most nationalistic Americans had imagined before the war† (â€Å"The Civil War, Results of the Civil War†, 2012, [online]). 1b-Most people have views that are strongly influenced and informed by philosophy, often without realizing it. Identify a view you have—whether on politics, religion, science, culture, or even the media and entertainment—that might be regarded as being related to philosophy. What kind of reasons do you have for holding that belief? What figure from the history of philosophy section do y ou think might have some views that are similar, or at least relevant, to your own? Explain why you chose that particular figure. Aristotle spoke of Socrates as of a philosopher who restricted his quest with ethical enquiries. Therefore, Socrates is generally known as â€Å"the first moral philosopher†. Indeed, according to the account of Xenophon, Socrates persistently discussed human affairs and did not stop asking questions like â€Å"what constitutes the character of a citizen?†, â€Å"what is the just?†, and â€Å"what is the unjust? † (Xenophon quoted in Aristotle, 2001, p. 161). This way of addressing the world – in a moral quest – is quite close to my understanding and my life philosophy. Similarly to Socrates I believe that one should rather concentrate on moral self-development than on amassing material wealth. In other words, developing virtues is seen as the primary objective. This position is quite close to Socrates who is known to have said â€Å"virtue was the most valuable of all possessions; the ideal life was spent in search of the Good† (Socrates quoted in Michael, 2007, p. 16). 2a-During a remarkable period of change from roughly 1865 to the early 20th century, the great cities that we know and love today expanded at an incredibly rapid pace and went through a fundamental transformation in composition and construction. Select one of the ways that the American city was changing and analyze its historical significance (explain why this topic is important to the study of the history of the nation). What short and long term effects did the transformation of American cities have on the nation? The decades after the end of the Civil War were the time of the move from the rural areas to the city. While these were initially migrants from small towns or remote farms that filled the cities, in the 1880s American cities were flooded with immigrants from overseas. Immigration became the major factor of p opulation growth in the cities like Chicago (Monkkonen, 1990, p.95). It ensured a constant supply of

Iraq (Cultures of the World) | Book

Iraq (Cultures of the World) | Book Introduction Hassig and Al Adely argue in their book known as Iraq: Culture of the world, that Iraq has been a major discussion featured in news all over the world in the last ten years of the 20th century and in the early years of the 21st century. Its ancient history has fascinated and owed many though triggering the international community to have many negative reactions. In ancient days, Iraq was known as Mesopotamia meaning â€Å"land between two rivers-the Euphrates and the Tigris† with Arabs, Sumerians, Turks and Babylonians contributing to the prosperity of the country. This has made Iraq to be known as â€Å"the cradle of civilization.† They later discuss Iraqs climate, geography, fauna, governance, economy, flora and the countrys history as discussed below. Geography Iraqs geography is made of mountains in the north, marshland on river banks and deserts in the south. The Iraq terrain is rugged seen in the citizens who live in poverty and war though still holding to their religion, beliefs, customs and interests. The countrys geographical location is in the south western region of Asia. Iraqs fertile land is found between the two rivers which has supported agriculture for many years. Although besides the lands fertility, the countrys topography and vegetation is changing drastically with west and southern parts changing into deserts and the north transforming into cold mountainous regions. There are steppe desert plains towards the west. This makes the place to be scarcely populated due to the rocky terrain plus the harsh climatic conditions. The northern foothills region receives abundant rainfall thus producing a lot of grain for the country. The foothills have many archeological sites like the ancient city of Assyria. The northeastern mountains are inhabited by many people due to its fertile land for pastures and the favorable cool climate. The later is also the land with richest oil fields. Although, being remote, the mountains act as a shelter for criminals and rebels. Climate Iraq is discussed to have unreliable climate. The north experiences freezing cold winters and very hot summers; the west is a desert thus dry; eastern sides are tropical thus humid. Iraq is a dry country. Averagely, the countrys summer temperatures range from 24to 43 degrees Celsius while 4 to 16 degrees Celsius in winter. It receives little rainfall, approximately 130cm per year. The rain evaporates quickly making the country to depend on irrigation for cultivation. Rarely the country experiences destructive floods. Flora The country has a variety of vegetation due to the different climates experienced. Examples of trees growing in the high altitude are alpine plants, oak trees, juniper and hawthorn. The vegetation grows sparingly due to the elevated salt concentration and the unfavorable climate. The country has desert flora which survive in the hot summer and thrive in the in spring after rainfall. Dates are also grown many parts of Iraq. The plant is referred to as â€Å"the plant of life† due to its many uses. It is used to make a variety of dishes, the palm is used for weaving and date pits are ground to create a beverage. Fauna The country has little fauna in relation to its size. Mostly, individuals keep camels as they survive very well in deserts. They require little water for survival and can travel long distances. The deserts have a variety of nocturnal animals. The Euphrates and Tigris provide a habitat for fresh water fish. Iraq has many cities examples are Baghdad, Basra, Mosul and Kirkuk. Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq, grew from a small village which had become the heart of traditions and education. Right now, it is the center of government with many industries i.e. oil industries and food processors. The city was greatly affected by the gulf wars. Their bombs targeted armed forces and administration buildings mainly the governments. Currently, the city is being renovated. Though, this process is being slowed by international permits that stop countries from supplying Iraq with building materials. History Iraq has the best history. It is believed to be the root of civilization in 3500B.C. An example is the cylinder seals found there. They were pressed into clay and used to create signatures. The city built ziggurat which are pyramid shaped temples that made weapons and measuring gadgets. The authors also talks about the countries golden age and the foreign conquest. Iraq was then declared an independent kingdom in October 1932. The country was later faced with problems internally and with neighboring countries. In the late 1940s, the country faced economic crisis caused by worldwide shortages and the mass exodus of Jews to Israel from Iraq. This was also as a result of World War II. In 1991, there was an Iraq-Iran war which drastically affected their economy. Hussein and Al-Sabath family governing Kuwaiti disagreed on various issues. Oil fields lied in their border causing them to quarrel since 1958. Overproduction of oil by Kuwait to recover money to pay their loaner, lowered oil prices which also affected Iraq. Later, Hussein organized groups to attack Kuwait causing the Al-Sabath to exile to Saudi Arabia. United Nations reacted by sanctioning economic approval on Iraq that the country could not export their oil. United Nations created military troops by December 1990 which used force to vacate Iraq troops from Kuwait. Iraq did not withdraw from Kuwait and thus United Nations organized to attack Iraq. This affected Iraq as the war claimed 100,000 lives of Iraqis. Government The country had dictatorship governance since 1979 during Saddam Husseins reign. The weapons used against Iraq affected them. Weapons made of poisons that could spread through water and air was used against Iraq. Iraq planned a terrorist attack and later attacked United States in September 2001. This has been causing quarrels between the two countries up to date. U.S government prepared to attack Iraq, although people who took part in the first Gulf War II were against it. Iraq, under Saddam Hussein, was producing mass destruction weapons which the U.S government targeted to destroy. The second gulf war began on 19th of March, 2003 when the U.S government planned missiles to a palace that was believed to have Saddam Hussein and his family hiding. The bombers targeted Iraq cities that are scarcely populated to avoid massacre and destroying the infrastructure. However, they were met by organized guerrilla opposition that was very fierce and this resistance never materialized. The U.S Special Forces planned and with the backing from the Kurdish militias they took over the oil fields in the north. Tikrit, Husseins hometown was taken by the U.S troop and Iraqis celebrated his down fall. The main agenda of the war was to replace Saddam Husseins dictatorship rule. Desperation of the Iraqis caused them to rob museums, institution and citadels of their leaders. The Iraqis who had flown from the country started to go back to the country and declaring themselves leaders in both religious and political fields. There was no clear governance. U.S assigned their factories to re store the destroyed infrastructure. Citizens built hope for brighter future in 2003 after the collapse of military authoritarianism. Iraq developed into a sovereign state from the association of countries authorized by British government on 3rd of October,1932 and transferred its leadership from an Alliance of Provisional Power to Iraq government on 28th of June,2004. Thus the government has a parliamentary democracy type of governance. Economy Iraq claims to have 143 barrels of crude oil and in 2009 it signed a major production deal with international oil companies. The country has set a target of 2.2million barrels for 2011 after the steady rise in shipments from the Kurdish region. Conclusion In conclusion, Iraq as a country has fantastic geographical and archeological sites with variable climate. The harsh climatic conditions experienced has made the country to depend on irrigation for agriculture and has also minimized the types of animals domesticated by Iraqis i.e. most of them keep camels. The country is portrayed to be rich with oil though being devastated with the recurrent war and bad governance. Globally, renaissance of producing oil and gas in Iraq would help reduce oil prices globally. This would assist in increasing oil quantity after the sharp worldwide depression that occurred in 2008-2009 which led to a steady increase in its price. Iraq has the possibility to become one of the worlds chief oil manufacturers given its vast oil resources. Overpowering rebels in the Middle East of Iraq has helped Iraq which is now progressing. This book explores Iraqs geography, past, government, wealth, citizens, and traditions.

Employee Motivation As A Hotel Industry Factor Tourism Essay

Employee Motivation As A Hotel Industry Factor Tourism Essay Motivation of employees is not a new phenomenon, however very little attention paid to him.  The major and most successful companies are svjestne importance of human factors in their organization, but, unfortunately, is much more smaller and not so successful that profit only the vision, mission and sole objective.  Many people are not thinking and not thinking about ways to enable them to profit, and abuse of the man and his knowledge and skills has never been respected, nor will it.  Loss of employee loyalty is the result of failure to comply with the individuality of employees, their desires and needs. How important is the motivation of employees, particularly in the hotel industry, will be explained in the following presentation. For the poptpunije treatment given topic, will be given an adequate theoretical basis in the first part, where he will talk about motivation as a concept, the process of motivation, original and contemporary theories of motivation, usually applied motivatorima, link between employee motivation and human resource management, and related  between the employees motivation and leadership. The second part will be arguments about the specifics of the hotel product and the motivation of employees as a factor of success in the hotel industry. The third part will respond specifically to the given topic and show how a successful company, Hit Montegro, motivate employees in your hotel, Maestral, which gives an advantage, as the concept develops and determines the business and what this hotel stands out from all others, not only  in Montenegro, but also beyond. Part I theoretical foundation 1.  MOTIVATION definition, division, the process of motivation Motivation is a complex area of human behavior.  The term motivation comes from the Latin word moves, which means movere; move. Under the motivation we podrazumijevati sum of factors that influence people to behave in a certain way, and especially to invest a certain efforts to achieve or accomplish something. The economic system of business motivation is hidden inside the driving force behind overall economic pattern that connects and arranges the target all economic efforts and integrate them into one whole.  In the process, motivation is manifested as the main driving force of creation. Work motivation is a system of methods, procedures and actions which encourages, directs, and reinforces the behavior of certain employees, in order to realize a larger and more favorable results. Basic assumptions about the motivation: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motivation is a positive people feel good only if they are motivated. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motivation is one of the factors that influence the behavior of individuals.  Other factors: capacity, resources, working conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motivation is always less than sufficient and should be periodically renewed.  Time can be lost. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motivation is the means by which managers can relate to offices in the organization. Motivation can be: subjective and objective. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Subject motivation is defined in two forms: moral motivation of workers (conscience, responsibility, pride, ambition, knowledge, etc.). Materjalna and motivation (interest in the job, salary, stimulation, etc.).. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Objective motivation occurs at the level of the firm, on its reputation, strengthen, and similar recognition.  ie.  If you contribute to the reduction of the higher entropy of the system (firm). Speaking of motivation, we can not to speak about human needs.  The need is expressed through a lack of something and is associated with goals.  Therefore, the need is internal, external and objective aspects of motivation The process of motivation the process of meeting the individual needs of employees, consists of several stages: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Employees identify their needs which is what it lacks and what he wants to achieve? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Looking for ways to meet the needs deficiency creates a kind of anxiety, and he seeks a way to eliminate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ strives to achieve the goals which reduces the need à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ act appropriately à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To get the reward or punishment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Re-evaluates its needs Satisfaction is often in the literature and in empirical research identifies with the concept of motivation.  These two terms are certainly related in large measure are mutually conditional, but undoubtedly is to be different. Under the satisfaction of employees involves the subjective evaluation of the degree of satisfaction that derives from the personal assessment of their satisfaction with various aspects of belonging to the organization.  And so happy employees pijre primarily related to the perception of employees and the extent to which they met their motives and above all the motives that are perceived as important for their involvement.  Best illustrates the differences following chart: (motivation,result,satisfaction) Chart 1st  The difference between motivation and satisfaction Source: Developed author If you are motivated enough for the job you do, it will certainly affect your final performance.  After a job well done following the feeling of satisfaction. 2.  THEORIES OF MOTIVATION   A large number of theories of motivation which, in fact, complementary to one another.  The following table provides a list of major theories.   Table 1  Theories of motivation   Name Type theory theories theorist and /   Theories instrumentalnosti Tejlorizam Teylor (1911)   Theories content theory hijararhije needs Maslow (1954)   ERG Theory Alderfer (1972)   Managerial theories need McClelland (1973)   Two-factor model of Herzberg (1957)   Theory X and Y McGregor (1960)   Theories of goal setting process theory Latham and Locke (1979)   The theory of equality Adams (1965)   Theory expectations Vroom, Porter and Lawer (1964, 1968)   Learning theory Bandura (1977)   Source: Michael Armstrong, Armstrongs handbook of human resource management, 11th ed., Kogan Page, London, 2009, p.319   As you notice, there are three kinds of theories of motivation in which:   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Theories instrumentalnosti belong to the original theory of motivation   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Theories of content are also in the original theory of motivation   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Theories are in the process of modern theories of motivation   Theories instrumentalnosti bazraju the attitude that people are motivated to work through reward and punishment.  One of the major theories instrumentalnosti is called.  Tejlorizam, which is named after its founder, Taylor, who wrote:   It is impossible for any extended period of time, to encourage their employees to work more than others, the ordinary that surround them, if you are not sure to check a large and permanent wage increases.   This theory is still widespread and can be successful under certain circumstances.  However, its use is ignored other human needs and disturb the relations among the employees.   Theories of content based on the attitude that people do to meet their needs.  As an important aside the following:   Hierarchy of needs theory (Maslow) in every human being there are five primary needs that meet the hierarchical order:   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ physiological food, water, shelter and all.  bodily needs   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ security physical and emotional safety and protection   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Social belonging, love, friendship, acceptance by others   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ respect self-esteem, status in society, recognition of environmental   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ samoaktuelizacija development and progress, potential exploitation of personal fulfillment and inner satisfaction with them.   The first two groups are the needs of lower-order and meet the external mechanisms (salary), and the other three were of a higher order and satisfy the internal mechanisms (attitudes, values, expectations).  The role has motivatora Unmet needs, which, when it takes satisfy the needs.  This theory has not been verified numerous empirical studies and criticized because of too much generalization.  Namely, different people have different priorities and it is difficult to accept Maslovljevu hijararhiju needs.   ERG Theory (Alderfer) predicts three types of basic needs:   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ existential needs the basic material necessary Poreba every man for life.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the need connection the desire of people for the realization of interpersonal relations   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ development needs the desire for personal development, training and advancing   Alderfer abolished the hierarchy of needs and claims that it can simultaneously satisfy multiple needs.  When it comes to frustration due to inability to meet the needs on one level, increases the desire to satisfy the needs of another and, often, lower level.   McClelandova theory of needs, the needs of managerial theory focuses on three types of needs:   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ need for achievement striving for success and greater achievements in relation to existing standards.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the need for power the desire for influence and control over others.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the need for merging the desire to be loved and accepted by others.   This theory assumes that successful managers who have a high need for power and personal success without the desire for merging.   Two-factor model Motivation-hygiene theory (Herzberg) based on the assumption that the individual attitude of employees towards work determines success or failure of work.   Factors that influence job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are the following:   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motivatori related to the work itself (job, recognition, promotion) and meet the needs of the individual to prove their own.  These are the factors that cause lack of satisfaction to those that cause pleasure.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Kontestualni factors factors of working environment, environment, hygiene factors, which act as prevention to prevent dissatisfaction.  This is a set of factors than those that cause frustration to those who do not cause dissatisfaction.   On the positive motivation may affect only the first group, while another can only reduce dissatisfaction, but not increase satisfaction.   The opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction, but the lack of satisfaction, and vice versa.So, just motivatorni factors contribute to job satisfaction, and only factors contest discontent.   Theory X and Y (McGregor) starts from two different assumptions about human nature: the negative X-and Y-positive.   Theory X assumes that the behavior of employees Guided needs of lower order.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Employees do not like to work and izbjegavaĆ¡e work whenever possible   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ must be force to work under the threat of punishment   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ avoid responsibility and seek precise directives from their bosses   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ They have little ambition and their safety comes first   Theory Y assumes that the behavior of employees Guided needs a higher order:   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Employees understand the business as a natural need for such leave   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dedicated to the tasks and training   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ They are ready to accept responsibility   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ are able to make decisions and they need povjeravati responsible and challenging jobs.   Theories of the process (the modern theory) focus on the psychological processes that affect motivation.  Process theories are certainly more useful to managers of the theories of motivation because it gives concrete instructions for the application of motivational methods.   The theory of goal setting (Latham and Locke) motivate employees three mechanisms:   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Specific and clearly set goal difficult but achievable attainable, because it is in human nature and the need to prove self.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Feedback on achieving set targets people want to be informed of how well that worked and the results achieved.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Participation of employees in setting goals increases their motivation, efficiency and confidence.   Equity theory (Adams) one in the organization expects that efforts to win the same prize as well as his colleagues who performed the same job.   When employees believe that they made wrong comes to the creation of tension (not so much effort into the entrance of their work as before, consider that spend too much time, give notice).     Expectations theory (Vroom, Porter and Lawer) developed a situational model of motivation that explains why one and the same person makes various efforts in different situations.  Vroom argued that there are two factors that determine the effort that employees invest in their work, the first the value of individual awards that would enable them to meet their needs related to security, autonomy, samoaktuelizaciju, and another the likelihood that the amount of awards depend, in fact,  of individual effort.   Porter and Lawer complement this theory and created a new model where the motivation will, in addition to the effort, the final performance of the employees affected and: knowledge and skills and the expected role (what employees want to work and what is expected of them to work).   Chart 1st  Motivation Model Porter and Lower   Source: Michael Armstrong, Armstrongs handbook of human resource management, 11th ed, Kogan Page, London, 2009, p.326   Learning theory (Bandura) emphasis is on learning to adapt behavior.  Behavior which withdraws the award will be repetitive, and it pulls you avoid penalty.  The consequences of past behavior influence the future actions of employees.  Model behavior of employees is reflected in the following: a stimulus response a result future reactions.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Managers can influence employees to change behavior: support, avoidance, lack of support, or punishing, with respect to some rules:   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Do not reward all equally, but the performance   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Clearly tell people what to do to be rewarded   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Be sure to tell what sins   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Do not punish the others   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Be fair.   3.  Employees motivation and human resource management   Link between employee motivation and human resource management best illustrated in the following diagram.   Chart 3rd  The influence of individual effectiveness in human resource management   Source: Robert Mathis and John Jacson, Human Resource Management, 11th ed, Thomson South-Western, USA, 2008, p.81   From the individual, negovih knowledge and skills, motivation and support they receive from the company you work for, and the nature of the business depends on the job satisfaction, employee loyalty to the company, productivity, quality and service.   The above variables are used for measuring the effectiveness of human resource management.   Namely, if the employee is not motivated enough, it will first be reflected in his performance, then all other variables, so therefore the effectiveness of human resource management be in the lower level, and vice versa.   4.  MOTIVATORI   Motivatori are things that come to pojedninca activities or methods which can reconcile the conflicting needs or to emphasize a need in the way that it is assigned priority over other needs. They are the kind of instruments that would strengthen the desire for some achievement, and beyond that to achieve satisfaction, and the means through which to influence the behavior of people.  Motivatori most commonly used are:   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Money   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Security of employment   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ allocation of interesting tasks   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The public attribution of merit   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The possibility of training   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The possibility of progress   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Participation in decision-making   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The quality of working environment   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ self etc..   5.  Employees motivation and leadership   Using different motivatora to successful motivation of employees in the first row is determined motivacijiskim abilities or samomotivacijom manager.  Namely, the concept of motivation is closely linked to the notion of leaders, team leaders, organizations, companies.  A leader in 21.v.  primarily motivator.  Howard Gardner, professor at Harvard in his work, Leading Minds: An Anatomy of Leadership defines leaders:   The leader is rarely more individuals, or individuals who significantly influence the thoughts, feelings and / or behavior of a large number of individuals.   On the other hand, the great leaders of today were not in their positions that they did not have strong enough motivation to constantly improve and successfully build your career.   One of the greatest leaders of all time, Napoleon Bonaparte was said:   Leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a common goal   Leadership = MOTIVATION   LEADER = motivator   PART II employees motivation as a factor of success in a hotel INDUSTRY   Advance one that gives a little more and a little better.   Ellsworth Statler (1863 1928)   One of the founders of hotel industry, Ellsworth Statler, the success achieved by the introduction of standards in their hotels, which could provide better quality services at a reasonable price.  He was a great innovator and racionalizator.  The first is to realize the importance of hotel staff: their looks (introduced uniforms), behavior (introduced a Code of Conduct) and knowledge (he founded the Foundation for Education of catering professionals and scientists, and financial help today in the world famous university education hotel administration and hotel management  Cornell Hotel School, Itaca, New York).  Stimulate the workers, allowing the purchase of shares of any hotel in a certain amount, with the allowance of the salary.   In addition to the above sentence, which with strong reasons, the author opens his presentation, he often spoke to employees: The guest is always right!  He pays you and me!    It is clear that the hotel industry has developed precisely for reasons to satisfy the needs and desires of the guest and can not in any case to ignore its importance.  However the question of whether the guest is still a key link in the hotel in 21.vijeku?   Let us start from the well-known marketing concepts:   Needs, requirements, desires and satisfaction of guests in the first place!   Prove that the set theory valid.   Hotel is primarily obliging activity and as such has its own specifics that arise from the specific characteristics of services in relation to the products.  And they are:   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ intangibility,   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ indivisibility an integral part of its consumer services, ie.  consumer a guest of the hotel.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Kvarljivost services can not be stored, empty hotel facilities can not be compensated by good or excellent popunjenoÃ…Â ¡Ãƒâ€žÃ¢â‚¬ ¡u in the following time period.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Variability conditioned by the fact that the subjective factor or a factor crucial for the quality of the man of realization.  The service is Neponovljiva, such as the role of actor in theater boards, it can be on the high level of quality that satisfies customers, but never all the elements in the process of delivery and consumption can no longer repeat.  Simultaneity consumption and provision of services through the interaction of both sides creates a unique atmosphere.   Psycho-physical characteristics of the service providers can significantly cause satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the consumer, regardless of technical, organizational and technological quality of the service segments.  Because of this, the focus quality is transferred to vrÃ…Â ¡itelje services, catering and hotel management staff.  It is important to determine the quality of standards (rules which determine the elements of quality staff in the hotel: the knowledge, skills, experience, appearance, behavior ).  But not enough to meet the standards to achieve competitive advantage in a very turbulent market, what is a tourist.  Guest looking for something more!  Guest search experience!  And this is one of the leading trends that says UNWTO Change from Service to expirience!  Interior, exterior, luxury, luxury, artificial smile   are no longer of crucial importance.  The main trump card of successful hotel in 21.v.  man.   Employees are in the hotel, you love your job and you are satisfied with the performance that you provide?  Masters the necessary skills and knowledge?  As guests, we will see, feel, that to enjoy and of course, be back again, but this time with hrpom friends!   We conclude:   The guest is satisfied if the providers of content services.   These reject the thesis that the home needs, requirements, desires and satisfaction RATING in the first place!  Already perform a new conclusion:   Needs, requirements, desires and satisfaction of employees are in the first place.   And from the above results:   Satisfied employees = employees motivated?   And just the motivation of employees is a key factor for success in all spheres of social life and work, especially in idnustriji hotel where guest satisfaction largely depends on the satisfaction of employees in the hotel.  Sometimes it is possible and the big technical flaws nadomjestiti beautiful gestures of employees, but the latest and most expensive technology, luxury and grandeur can not nadomjestiti unkindness and coldness of the staff will (not) was available during your stay.   A hotel company to motivate its employees, we will see the following example.   PART III practical EXAMPLE   6.MOTIVACIJA EMPLOYEES AS A FACTOR success HOTEL MAESTRAL   Is the set theoretical foundation found application in the local hotel industry?   The answer we seek in the hotel Mistral and also reveal why years ago Hit Montenegro, which owns the hotel, the leading company in the tourist market in Montenegro and beyond.   Hotel Mistral (hereinafter only the mistral or a hotel) do not have much to present.  Just the name tells us a lot.   Mistral is the son of a very good, very good, the luxury, prestige.  Accordingly, you will always be able, during your stay at the hotel, meet many people who have reached their professions so.  Top of the pyramid.   Question: Why?   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Why, when only the hotel building, its exterior, interior and not drawn luxury?   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Why, when the accommodation units (rooms) in general are not so large that guests can enjoy?   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Why, when the rooms still no plasma TVs?   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Why, when all the rooms still have Internet access?   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Why, when a cup of coffee exude more humility than the refinement?   But the most important issue only follows:   Why, despite the above, all hotel guests coming back again, even for the same amount of money can get a spacious room, more beautiful towels ?   Answer:   Because they are satisfied with experience and treatment given to them in the hotel!   Because unlike other hotels, the hotel Mistral has a soul.   Soul Maestral make its employees, whereby it is important to emphasize all employees of higijeniÄ arke to Executive Director.   We arrive to a new thesis:   Guests of the hotel Mistral are satisfied.   Return to the thesis of the previous section:   The guest is satisfied if the providers of content services.   Satisfied employee = motivated employee!   With certainty we can conclude:   Staff at the hotel Mistral motivated.   The aforementioned conclusion shall be taken as a starting point the thesis that the next exposure to be adequately argued.   7.  BUSINESS STRATEGY   As evidence that the employees, their motivation, but considerations when creating a strategy, defining the vision, mission and strategic goals, the next presentation will be separated only fragments of importance for this work.   Business idea of the company as follows:   With knowledge, marketiÃ…Â ¡kim thinking and professional approach we offer a high level of service and make good business results in the hotel complex, which allows our guests accommodation, dice, entertainment, recreation, enogastronomske pleasures and good conditions for business activities.   Objectives and plans of the hotel were based, and today is based, among others the following setting:   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ attractiveness, innovation, expertise, kindness, and create nadstandarnom offer the advantage ahead of the competition and achieve the return of guests   One of the very high goals and requirements that the company has set before him as follows:   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the company offers full-time staff employment, adequate wages, the possibility of development, education, training and career   High standard and the company has set a vision and high expectations of the management company and some of them are:   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hotel Mistral house will be satisfied, creative, motivated and professionally competent staff, which will continually increase revenues, value additions and visit hotels.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hotel Mistral will represent one of the pearls of the tourist offer of Montenegro and as such would represent an example of successful investments in tourism to the satisfaction of owners, employees, narrower and wider community.   In accordance with the above specified, the company is set by among others the following strategic objectives:   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ permanent investment in staff development (knowledge, motivation, affiliation)   8.  COMPANY ETHICS   Nowadays the competitiveness of the organization, its reputation, and thus its business success are inseparable from ethics.  It can be said that ethics is the foundation of successful companies and management that relies on trust.  Companies in which the rule of justice and fairness are often companies that respect ethical principles.  A way that employees see a significant impact on the fairness of the organization.  Sense of fairness is associated with greater commitment to employees, the higher degree of satisfaction, which is based on the organization, business, leaders, and conduct that reflects a sense of belonging to the company. This company is exactly Hit Montenegro.  Mistral its reputation gained primarily fostering the right values and good application of the Code of Ethics.   It may sound contradictory, if we note that the largest part of the profits from the casino collected mistral.  But I do not need much pojaÃ…Â ¡njavati.  Ask one why casino players will soon decide to invest their money in Maestralov casino, and not in another, perhaps better equipped.   The answer lies in business ethics, codes of ethics and employees who implement.   Working in such an environment, where you know you will not mislead anyone, where all will be as clear as day, is really a big driver of your energy, you surely will not spare to spend in the job at hand.   9.  Strict LABOR LAW   Professionalism in the hotel Mistral is reflected, inter alia, in strict compliance with the law on paper.  It can happen that you start work, and that you are not previously signed a contract with the employer.   FasciniraĆ¡e you the following story from practice: Seasonal worker came fully prepared, just in time to his position for the first time.  That day was supposed to sign the contract.  Through the half-hour lawyer appeared with the words: Excuse me please, now I saw that the director did not sign a contract, and is absent.  Can you come tomorrow he comes today and the contract will be ready in the morning?  Sorry again, but I think its wrong to do, and do not have a signed contract, you agree?  Of course.    The said employee is satisfied on the first day that really work for professionals, as his nagovjeÃ…Â ¡tavali earlier.   Further.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Iplata monthly benefits to all employees every fifteenth of the month.  Deviations were not, and theres not likely that delayed payments to employees or not that month, expressed with one decimal digit, is 0.1%.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ UraÄ unaĆ¡e you and overtime work, night work, work during the holidays, work on Sundays.You and paid travel expenses and meals at the hotel.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ If you are a seasonal worker, you will be provided accommodation in nearby hotels.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Paid you life and health insurance.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Business book you filled and safe.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ You have two free days a week and the right to annual leave and the right to paid sick leave.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ All your rights foreseen by the law on work, safety and employment contract have been met at every opportunity.   SloÃ…Â ¾iĆ¡ete is that rare company in Montenegro, especially in the hotel, which apply this system work, which, logically, employees fully responsible.  And this is one more reason to stay in Maestral and not iznevjere trust.   10.  Fee and gratuity   Results of the survey, which was conducted a few years ago one of the employees in the hotel Mistral, showed that approximately 70% zaposelnih declared that their main motive for work is not salary.   However, should podcijenjivati importance of monetary compensation.  Bearing in mind that the hotel has a high occupancy rate throughout the year, and that primarily comes to the casino hotel, the hotel employees are well paid, which gives a good basis for the investment of additional effort and better results.   Wages are not only monetary income of employees in the hotel.  From two to three times a year all employees have a raise, as a form of additional stimulus.   If your job requires direct contact with guests, it is quite certain that you will leave a tip, which can sometimes be higher than your monthly salary.  It is understood that you will not get a tip if you have left a negative impression on the guests, whether your neljubaznoÃ…Â ¡Ãƒâ€žÃ¢â‚¬ ¡u or non-professionalism.  But, as you care to maintain good relations with colleagues, you share tips.This is one of nepisanih rules and actually proved successful in practice.  At the end of the day you and your associates happy.   11.  OTHER BENEFITS   Public represents an important part of almost every employee compensation and they are determined as indirect monetary or non-pecuniary compensation that employees receive because they continue to work for the company.  The financial compensation was the word in the previous chapter, and that all the Mistral provides more benefits to their employees we will see from the next exposure.   The last two years for the new year, all employees had the opportunity to do a certain period of use by one Thai massage.  All employees have certain discounts at partner hotels, Montenegro Airlines.  Fee in the union, two times a year to receive packages with food.  Union also provides benefits in some hotels during the winter / summer months.   12.  STAND MANAGER TO EMPLOYEES   Peter Drucker says, They are not workers, they are people. A manager should be treats people with dignity is respect.   Already during the introduction to your superiors conclude that the word of professionals who know their job well and who is ready to help and to teach.  Through a friendly conversation, in his office, in the conference room or an aperitif in the bar, we introduce the vision, m

wild flower :: essays research papers

Wild Flower†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"But father I love him!† said Tallulah, which means running water, and ran out of the tepee. Tallulah ran and ran not seeing the way. Tears were coming from her big brown eyes, passing soft pink cheeks, falling to the ground. She knew that she will never see her father again. There was love in her heart for him however the other feeling took over. Tallulah fell on the ground where green soft grass welcomed her beautiful small body that was gasping for air. Silk long black as a wing of a raven, hair were all over the face trying to dry the tears that were not stopping. Now Tallulah felt free. Free to do whatever she wished however the only thing she wanted was his love. The love that she met six months ago in the woods, while collecting berries for her family. It was love at first sight. Tallulah remembered that day like it was yesterday. His big blue eyes showed unlimited skies and ocean waves. Red hair endlessly played games with the sun. The lips, color of red wild flowers, spoke sweet words that melted in the air. Light skin was soft and warm to touch covered big built body that brought Tallulah security and took fears away. His name was Brendan, Brendan Smith. Brendan was a soldier that came from Ireland with his father looking for better being. At his eighteen Brendan knew the rules of life. Even as a soldier it was hard for him to accept the war and deaths of many innocent people. Brendan got used to seeing Indian people moved by force from one place to the other. He put himself in their position and imagined what kind of suffering they are going through but it was not in his power to change anything, to stop the war. * * *   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh Lord, what a beautiful flower you grew on this earth,† said Brendan looking at Tallulah. She Looked at him and was about to run away but her legs did not listen. â€Å"Do not worry I would not heart you. Just tell me your name.† no answer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fine, don’t say a word; just let me look at you. Let me look into your brown eyes. Oh, they are so pure, I think I am getting lost in them.† Tallulah smiled. â€Å"Your smile is full of joy and innocence,† Tallulah looked down and her cheeks became red.

Octavians Journey to Become Augustus :: essays research papers

Octavian was born in Rome on September 23, 63 BC. He was given the name Gaius Octavius, however, he would not keep this name for long. His father, who shared his name, came from a respectable although undistinguished family and was governor of Macedonia. In terms of his rise to power, Octavian’s most important immediate family member was his mother, Atia, who was the niece of Julius Caesar, who would soon be Rome’s greatest and most successful general and Dictator. When Octavian was four years old, his father died so he spent most of his childhood with his stepfather Lucius Marcius Philippus. When he was 15 he was elected to the College of Pontiffs where Caesar requested that Octavius join his staff for hi campaign in Africa. Although he didn’t go to Africa with Caesar, the following year, he attempted to join Caesar in Spain to fight the forces of Pompey, however he fell ill and couldn’t go. When he finally recovered, he sailed to meet Caesar, only to be shipwrecked, however this did not stop Octavius, he traveled across hostile territory to Caesar’s camp, which greatly impressed Caesar. Octavius joined Caesar on the return home in which Caesar secretly changed his will to make Octavian his successor. On 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated, and his will revealed that Caesar had adopted his great-nephew Octavius as his son, making him the heir to the thrown. This meant that Octavian’s name was to be changed to Gaius Julius Caesar. When Octavian returned to Rome, he found it being led by Mark Antony and Aemilius Lepidus. Octavian failed to convince Marc Antony to hand over Caesar’s assets and documents, however he was recruited into the senate and when Antony left Rome to take command in northern Italy, Octavian made war on Antony who was defeated and fled to Gaul. Now the senate had lost control over Octavian who marched on Rome and forced the senate to accept him as consul. Three months later, he completely cut off the senates’ power. In 40 BC, stated by the Treaty of Brundisium. The Roman Empire was to be divided between Marc Antony and Octavian, Marc Antony taking the east and Octavian taking the west. Eventually, Octavian became angry with Antony, and read his will to the public, which promised large inheritances to his children but also said that if he die, his body be moved to Egypt.

Girl Postitive Essay

The movie â€Å"Girl Positive† is about, Rachel, a teenage girl Rachel in high school that has come in contact with the disease HIV. The movie shows how people in her high school view the disease. They also stereotype it, saying only gay people can get. They are quickly proven wrong though. A recent report put up on the school website shows that the star athlete that graduated before them was doing heroin. He had just died in a car accident and they found it in his system and in his car. Everybody was completely shocked. After the report came out Rachel received a message that told her that this star athlete, Jason, had HIV. They were concerned about her well-being and asked if she also had the disease because she had lost her virginity to him at a party. Rachel became close with a new teacher at the school who conveniently worked at an AIDS clinic too. She asked to do some community service down there for extra credit. While Rachel was there she snuck a HIV test and took it. Later on, the results came back positive and the teacher was trying to help her out but Rachel didn’t want to listen. She was scared and didn’t want anyone to know. Rachel tried telling her boyfriend, but he didn’t understand. The rumors started in her school about her having it and her life felt like it was falling apart. But then Mark, Jason’s brother, came to Rachel with a video admitting that Jason was HIV positive. They decided the school needed to know. When they all found out, almost the entire senior class went to this AIDS clinic and were getting tested. Rachel and her mom stood by each other’s side and got blood test done to know for sure. The movie ended with the doctor saying she was positive; which I think was a really disappointing ending. I thought this movie was really good. It shows that people really do not know about this awful disease. They think it will kill them instantly, but really won’t if they take the right meds. I also think it’s very insightful. Although a lot of the scenes in the school were off because personally that wasn’t like my school at all. I think this is a really good movie to shows because it gives a lot of facts on HIV that I didn’t know and I’m sure many other teenagers don’t know either.

Individual Assignment Business Organizations Essay

Reflective practice is a way of studying your own experiences to improve the way you work. It is linked with the concept of learning from experience, in that you think about what you did and what happened, and decide what you would do differently next time. Reflective practice will make you improve the quality of service you deliver. It will ensure that the service providers are always getting the best possible service that they require because by using reflective practice you are always looking for things to improve on and see if you could do anything differently the next time round. Standards such as essential standards tell us how we should be working. We can use them to think about the way in which we work and measure ourselves against them. As everyone has different values and beliefs, it is important that we treat everyone the same no matter what their beliefs are. We should provide the same support for everybody, If we do not work this way then we will fail to perform the standards of the codes of practice set out by the regulating bodies. Outcome 2 2.1Everybody reacts differently to feedback whether it be positive or negative. I value any kind of feedback given to me, positive or negative because it is a good way of trying to better yourself. Some people may take negative feedback personally and think that they are being criticised. 2.2 It is important to seek feedback from people as you will know if you are working in the correct way. If you get negative feedback you will then know what you need to improve on for the better and positive feedback you know you can carry on the good work that you are doing. 2.3 It is important to listen to the feedback you get and use it whether it is positive or negative so that you can improve the way that you work and your quality of work.

Henry Brown Patents Safer Document Storage

Henry Brown Patents Safer Document Storage Henry Brown patented a receptacle for storing and preserving papers on November 2, 1886 This was a kind of strongbox, a fire-safe and accident-safe container made of forged metal, which could be sealed with a lock and key. It was special in that it kept the papers inside it separated, A precursor to the personal safe? It was not the first patent for a strongbox, but it was patented as an improvement. Who Was Henry Brown? No biographical information about Henry Brown could be found, other than his being noted as a black inventor. He lists his place of residence as Washington DC at the time of his patent application, filed June 25, 1886.  There is no record of whether Henry Browns receptacle was manufactured or marketed, or whether he profited from his ideas and designs. It isnt known what he did as a profession and what inspired this invention. Receptacle for Storing and Preserving Papers The box designed by Henry Brown had a series of hinged trays. When opened, you could access one or more of the trays. The trays could be lifted separately. This allowed the user to separate papers and store them securely. He mentions it was a useful design for storing carbon papers, which might be more delicate and could be damaged by scraping against the lid. They could also transfer carbon smudges to other documents, so it was important to keep them separate. His design helped ensure that they didnt come into contact with the lid or the tray above each lower tray. That would minimize any risk of damaging documents when you opened and closed the box. The use of typewriters and carbon papers at this time likely presented new challenges in how to store them. While carbon papers were a handy innovation for keeping a duplicate of typewritten documents, they could be easily smudged or torn. The box was made of sheet metal and could be locked. This allowed for secure storage of important documents at home or the office.   Storing Papers How do you store your important papers? Have you grown used to being able to scan, copy, and save paper documents in digital formats? You may have difficulty imagining the world where there might be only a single copy of a document that could be lost and never recovered. In the time of Henry Brown, fires that destroyed homes, office buildings and factories were all too common. Papers being flammable, they were likely to go up in smoke. If they were destroyed or stolen, you might not be able to retrieve the information or proof they contained. This was a time when carbon paper was the commonly used way to make multiples of important documents. It was a long time before the copying machine and before documents might be saved on microfilm. Today, you often get documents in digital form from the outset and have a reasonable reassurance that copies can be retrieved from one or more sources. You may never print them out.

Así es Mi Tierra essay

Asà ­ es Mi Tierra essay Asà ­ es Mi Tierra essay Asà ­ es Mi Tierra essayThe name of the song is Asà ­ es   Ã‚  Mi Tierra. The music is written by Pedro Gonzales. It is performed by  Ã‚   Irasema Terraza   and   Gustavo Cuautli. This a perfect example of the nationalistic song. It speaks about love to the native country and about its beauty.   The song belongs to the classical genre. Irasema Terraza   and   Gustavo Cuautli make a perfect duet where they combine Irasema’s soprano and Cuautli’s tenor. Their voices sound nice together and create a unique combination of male and female singing.   Gustavo Cuautli uses chest voice. The singers accomplish long and complicated singing patters very well. We may speak about good breath control and good mastery in singing vowels.The song is passionate and pathetic. Asà ­ es Mi Tierra is a confession of love to the native country. The authors of the song and singers express their deepest feelings and want to share these feelings with their audience. The song is reach with imaginary. It has a lot of epithets and metaphors. For example, the country is called â€Å"dark-skinned and vibrant†, â€Å"its heart is made of love†. The country is described like a living creature with passions and feelings. It has happy and sad moments and shares it with its citizens. The main message of the song is love for native country. The authors admire   their native land and want to share its good and bad moments. The singing is accompanied by piano, which is quite common for classical style.Prenda del Alma is a traditional   national song performed by the Los Lobos group. The composer is Pedro Gonzalez. The performer sings with the chest voice. The song is very melodious and the singer fulfills the task very well. The songis   tender and remorseful. It tells about unhappy love of two people who must leave each other. It uses a lot   of imaginary comparing feelings to nature in order to pass feelings and emotions better.   The music ians use some traditional musical instruments, such as bajo sexton and button accordion which give the song   more traditional sounding.La Barca de Guaymas   is a traditional song   performed by Linda Ronstadt. The composer of this song is unknown.   The genre of this song is folk song. Linda sings it with chest voice, which sound deep and touching. She also uses vibrato. The song is remorseful and sad. The speaks about losing all hopes and inner devastation. The singer perfectly passes the mood of despair and lose of hope.   Guitar and some traditional folk instruments, such as bajo sexton are used to accompany this song.Xochicuicatl   is song   is performed by Ixya Herrera. The author of   the song is Fermin Ferrera. The song is written in the traditional style. Ixya’s   rigorous voice perfectly suits the style. The song is performed with deep chest voice.   The song is tender and passionate. It  Ã‚   speaks about   joy of life and happiness. The sin ging is accompanied by the guitar.Linda Ronstadt’s   singing   of   El Sol Que Tu Eres is to touching and deep. This is a traditional song, which speaks about the hard fortune of the enslaved girl who asks the sun for help. The song of full of sorrow   and pity.   Ã‚  It   is full of imaginary and shows different pictures from the unhappy life of the girl who sings this song. Linda’s chest voice and rich sounding make the song sound special.   The use of breath is perfect and the singer passes long and complex combinations with the right breath. The song is accompanied by the guitar.La Borrachita   performed by Ixya Herrera is a traditional song. The author   of music is Ignacio Fernandez Esperon.   Ixya sings sincerely and passes its   mood. The singer uses a chest voice. The   manner of singing is   passionate and   sincere. The song speaks about desire to forget about unhappy love. The   text is simple but deep and sincere. Ixya Herrera makes her audience to feel compassionate to the love story she sings about. The song is accompanied by the violin and some traditional instruments.

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